ืžื“ืจื™ืš

ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื - ื’ืœื• ืืช ืคืœืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช

ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ืžื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืขื“ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”

ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘

ืžื‘ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™

ืžื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืžืขื™ืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขื ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”
ืžื“ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”
ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืขื™ืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืœื•ื— ืฉื—ื•ืจ
ื™ืœื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืžืขื™ืœื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืžืชื ืกื™ื
ืžื“ืขืŸ ืงืฉื™ืฉ ืžืœืžื“ ื™ืœื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขื™ืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•
ื—ื“ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืจืคืจืคื™ื
ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ืœื•ืง ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
Photo by Diane Serik on Unsplash
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ื—
ืฆื’ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ
ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืขื ื“ืœืคืง, ื›ื™ื•ืจ ื•ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช
Photo by Adiptalk on Unsplash
ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืขื ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ืคืš ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื
ืื™ืฉื” ืžืกื“ืจืช ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื™
ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืื—ืจ
Photo by Ryan Kim on Unsplash
ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืงืจื” ืขื ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช
Photo by Miha Meglic on Unsplash
ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
Photo by CDC on Unsplash

ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื”

ืชืžื™ื“ ืจื™ืชืง ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœืชื™ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืคื–. ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ืฉื ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ืจื–ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืืชื’ืจ, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืงืฉื”.

ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”

ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช - ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืจื’ืฉ. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืขืกืงื ื• ื‘ื•. ื”ื“ื•ืคืง ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ืคืขื™ืžื” ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืงื•ืจืก ืืงื“ืžื™.

ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ

ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ื—ืฉืคืชื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ืขื™. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืืฆืœื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืชืจืžื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื›ืฆืขื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช.

ืชืชึพืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช

ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ืชืชึพืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคืจื•ืช ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืžืคืชื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช
ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื
ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช
ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช
ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืจืฉืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
  1. ื‘ื—ืจื• ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™
  2. ื—ืคืฉื• ื—ื•ื ืš ืื• ืžื ื—ื” ืžื ื•ืกื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื
  3. ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืžื“ืข ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
  4. ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื
  5. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ื™ืžื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื“ืข
  6. ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื”
  7. ืฉืชืคื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช
  • ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“
  • ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืืžื™ื ื™ื
  • ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื
  • ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช
  • ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™
  • ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
  • ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืชื™ืงื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™

ื—ืคืฉื• ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ืœืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™, ื•ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื™ื•ื
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืจ, ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—. ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื
ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืœื’ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ืžืขื ืงื™ื ืžืงืจื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช
ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืขื™. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืชื— ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”
ืœื ืžื•ืžืœืฅ. ืคืจืกื•ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืคืจื” ืืชื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช
ื—ืคืฉื• ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ืขืœ ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉืคืขื” (Impact Factor) ืžืชืื™ื, ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ืกืงื™ืจืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉืืœืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ื•ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืชืืžื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื ื”
ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช, ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืืชื™ืงื” ื›ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ
ื‘ื ื• ืจืฉืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ืคืฉื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื™ื

ื’ืœื• ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™